As I have mentioned
before, Golden Age pirates were pirates with a purpose. The piratical call of
“Freedom!” has been preserved through the ages, but the rallying cry of “Give a
working man a chance!” has not, even though
it was a more common statement at the time. Pirates, representing a variety of
people who were being abused by the economic system of the time, were trying to
promote a system in which every person had similar opportunities in life, and
(at least) enough to eat and a place to live.
Enter Libertalia.
Libertalia was a
legendary free colony forged by pirates. It was founded and ruled by the pirate
Captain Misson (sometimes spelled Missin) a semi-legendary piratical figure
described in The Robberies and Murders of
the most Notorious Pyrates (1724).
Historian and activist
Marcus Rediker describes the pirates as follows:
These pirates who settled
in Libertalia would be "vigilant
Guardians of the People's Rights and Liberties"; they would stand as
"Barriers against the Rich and Powerful" of their day. By waging war
on behalf of "the Oppressed" against the "Oppressors," they
would see that "Justice was equally distributed."
No one knows for sure if
Libertatia actually existed. Pirates aren’t noted for keeping good records
about their societies. But real or not, the
radical ideas that it represented inspired undisputed real-life events. For
example, after the American Revolution, a group of pirates fleeing from England
were wrecked on an island and set up their own society. They called their new
island "the Republic of Spensonia", after a fictional country created
by the English author and political reformer Thomas Spence.
These pirates stood
against monarchies, slavery, and capitalism as a way of distributing wealth.
The pirates practiced a form of direct democracy, (one man one vote) where the crew
held the authority to make laws and rules. Their system encouraged leaders to
think of themselves as the equals, not the superiors, of those they led.
The pirates insisted that
"every Man was born free, and had as much Right to what would support him,
as to the Air he respired." They resented the "encroachments" by
which "Villains" and "unmerciful Creditors" grew
"immensely rich" as others became "wretchedly miserable."
They spoke of the "Natural right" to "a Share of the Earth as is
necessary for our Support." They saw piracy as a war of self-preservation,
and had no need for money "where every Thing was in common, and no Hedge
bounded any particular Man's Property," and they decreed that "the
Treasure and Cattle they were Masters of should be equally divided."
Libertalia’s motto was said
to be "for God and liberty," and its flag was white, in contrast to a
Jolly Roger. Thecitizens were anarchists, waging war against states and
lawmakers, attacking ships, sparing prisoners, and freeing slaves. It is said
that Misson's crews often were equal parts African and European, as he did not
support slavery. The pirates of Libertalia called themselves Liberi, and lived
under a communal city rule, a sort of worker owned corporation of piracy. They
had articles (shared codes of conduct), and used elected systems of re-callable
delegates.
Captain Misson, founder of Libertalia, was French, born
in Provence, while in Rome he ran into Caraccioli - a "lewd Priest" who
gradually converted Misson and a sizeable portion of his crew to his way of
thinking:
he fell upon Government,
and shew'd, that every Man was born free, and had as much Right to what would
support him, as to the Air he respired... that the vast Difference betwixt Man
and Man, the one wallowing in Luxury, and the other in the most pinching
Necessity, was owing only to Avarice and Ambition on the one Hand, and a
pusillanimous Subjection on the other.
Convinced by the priest’s
persuasion, the whole crew became pirates. They shared everything, including
the ship, and freed the first cargo of slaves they encountered, urging the
Africans to join them as brothers.
Off the coast of
Madagascar, Misson found a perfect bay in an area with fertile soil, fresh
water and friendly natives. Here the pirates built Libertalia. No more were
they English, French, Dutch or African. They were Liberi. They created their own language, a polyglot
mixture of African languages, combined with French, English, Dutch, Portuguese
and native Malagasy.
Thomas Tew |
Shortly after work on the
colony began, they were joined by the pirate Thomas Tew. The Liberi -
"Enemies to Slavery," aimed to boost their numbers by capturing
another slave ship. Off the coast of Angola, Tew's crew took an English slave
ship with 240 men, women and children below decks. The African members of the
pirate crew found that many friends and relatives were among the formerly
enslaved.
The pirates settled down
to become farmers, holding the land in common - "no Hedge bounded any
particular Man's Property." Prizes and money taken at sea were
"carry'd into the common Treasury, Money being of no Use where every Thing
was in common."
Was the colony real? The
pirates of the time certainly believed it was. Members of the infamous “Flying
Gang” who took Nassau in the Bahamas in 1715, and held it until 1718, claimed
to anyone who would listen that they would “Make another Madagascar” of their
new conquest.
But modern scholarship doubt
that Libertalia (or Libertatia) was ever a real place. Certainly there were
pirate settlements on and around Madagascar, which Libertalia may have been
based on: Abraham Samuel at Port Dauphin, Adam Baldridge at Ile Ste.-Marie, and
James Plaintain at Ranter Bay were all ex-pirates who founded trading posts and
towns. These locations appear frequently in official accounts and letters from
the period, while Libertalia appears only in Johnson’s General History, Volume
2. Give the piratical tendency to – um – overstatement, especially when telling
stories, the whole thing may be a myth.
But it’s a telling myth.
A powerful statement about a desire for a bold social experiment, conceived by outlaws
considered the dregs of society. It’s interesting to note that these pirates
didn’t dream of fantastical wealth, ultimate power, or eternal life. All they
wanted was a peaceful existence where no one took advantage of them.
So far, there has never
been a serious archeological search for Libertalia. What would we do if we
found it?
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